محور روده – مغز: میکروبیوتا در بیماری های تخریب کننده عصبی
صدها میلیارد میکروارگانیسم مشترک در بدن انسان و روی بدن انسان زندگی می کنند که اکثر آنها اندکی پس از تولد در روده مستعمره می شوند و تا پایان عمر در آنجا می مانند. در مدل های حیوانی، ارتباطات دو طرفه بین سیستم عصبی مرکزی و میکروبیوتای روده (محور روده-مغز) به طور گسترده مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است، و واضح است که تغییرات در ترکیب میکروبیوتا نقش حیاتی در پاتوژنز انواع اختلالات عصبی رشدی و عصبی، مانند اختلال طیف اوتیسم، بیماری آلزایمر (AD)، بیماری پارکینسون (PD)، مولتیپل اسکلروزیس، اسکلروز جانبی آمیوتروفیک، اضطراب، استرس و غیره.
1. مقدمه
2. بیماری آلزایمر
2.1. دیسبیوز روده و بیماری آلزایمر
شکل 1. دیسبیوز و بیماری آلزایمر. هنگامی که تعادل روده توسط میکروارگانیسم های پیش التهابی که آمیلوئیدهای باکتریایی، LPS، TMAO تولید می کنند و متابولیت های باکتریایی مفید مانند SCFA را کاهش می دهند، مختل می شود، نفوذپذیری روده آسیب می بیند. اختلال در روده و سد خونی مغزی منجر به افزایش تهاجم میکروب ها به محیطی و CNS و افزایش تولید سیتوکین های پیش التهابی و در نتیجه ایجاد التهاب محیطی و مرکزی می شود. این التهاب عصبی مستقیماً و از طریق ROS منجر به مرگ نورون ها می شود که منجر به تشکیل گره های عصبی فیبریلاری می شود. LPS همچنین بر روی گیرنده TLR2/TLR4 CD14 روی میکروگلیای فعال شده عمل می کند و TNF را افزایش می دهد.-α، IL-1β، iNOS، NADPH اکسیداز، و در نتیجه فعال سازی آستروسیت و فعالیت NF-kB که تجمع Aβ را بیشتر تقویت می کند. Aβ همچنین به عنوان آگونیست گیرنده TLR4 عمل می کند و بنابراین چرخه معیوب تجمع آمیلوئید و در نهایت مرگ نورونی در AD را ترویج می کند.2.2. متابولیتهای دخیل در بیماری آلزایمر
2.3. روده نشتی و مغز نشتی
جدول 1
مطالعات مختلف تغییر در میکروبیوتای روده را در اختلالات نورودژنراتیو مختلف نشان می دهد.
| Neurodegenerative Disease | Study | Experimental Subject | Control | Method | Dysbiosis/Result | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alzhiemer’s Disease | Liang et al. (2016) | APP/PS1 transgenic mice | C57/Bl6 wild-type (WT) | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↓Odoribacter, ↑Helicobacter | [16] |
| Vogt et al. (2017) | Fecal samples from AD (n = 25) | sex-matched Control participants (n = 25) | 16S rRNA sequencing | Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium↓, Bacteroidetes↑ | [37] | |
| Zhang et al. (2017) | APP/PS1 transgenic male mice | Age and weight-matched littermate mice wild-type (WT) | 16S rRNA sequencing | microbiota composition and diversity were perturbed and the level of SCFAs ↓in AD mice | [38] | |
| Cattaneo et al. (2017) | Cognitively impaired patients with (n = 40, Amy+) and with no brain amyloidosis (n = 33, Amy−) | Without brain amyloidosis and cognitive impairment (n = 10) | Microbial DNA qPCR assay | Amy+—↑pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, CXCL2, NLRP3, and IL-1β) ↓anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) Amy+—↓E. rectale and ↑ Escherichia/Shigella | [25] | |
| Zhuang et al. (2018) | Fecal samples- AD patients | age- and gender-matched cognitively normal controls | 16S rRNA sequencing | At family level- ↑ Ruminococcaceae and ↓ Lachnospiraceae | [39] | |
| Bauerl et al. (2018) | APP/PS1 transgenic mice | C57/B16 (WT) | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↑ Proteobacteria and Erysipelotrichaceae | [40] | |
| Honarpisheh et al. (2020) | Symptomatic Tg2576 mice | age-matched littermate WT | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↑↑Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes ↑ Lactobacillus | [41] | |
| Parkinson Disease | Cilia et al. (2020) | Fecal samples of PD pt. (n = 39) | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↓Roseburia (Firmicutes phylum) -worse evolution of motor, non-motor and cognitive functions ↓Ruminococcaceae and Actinobacteria- rapid worsening of global cognitive functions | [42] | |
| Tan et al. (2020) | Fecal samples of PD pt. (n = 104) | Control (n = 96) | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | PD- ↓ SCFA (a/w poorer cognition and low BMI) and ↓ butyrate (a/w worse postural instability–gait disorder scores) | [43] | |
| Nishiwaki et al. (2020) | Patients with PD (n = 223) | Control (n = 137) | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | PD- ↑ Akkermansia and Catabacter (genera) and Akkermansiaceae (family). ↓ Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, and Lachnospiraceae ND3007 (genera) | [44] | |
| Heinzel et al. 2020) | Stool sample PD pt. (n = 666) | Healthy Control | PD- ↓ Firmicutes and Faecalibacterium, ↑ Prevotella | [45] | ||
| Shen et al. (2021) | Fifteen case–control studies | meta-analysis | PD- ↓ Prevotellaceae, Faecalibacterium, and Lachnospiraceae ↑ Bifidobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and Christensenellaceae | [46] | ||
| Vascellari et al. (2021) | PD patients (n = 56) (TD = Tremor Dominant-19; AR = Akinetic Rigid-23; D = Dyskinetic-14) | 16S next-generation sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry | ↓ Lachnospiraceae, Blautia, Coprococcus, Lachnospira, and ↑ in Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia and Serratia linked to non-TD subtypes | [47] | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | Saresella et al. (2020) | MS pt. (n = 38) | Healthy Controls (HC) | ↓BA producers, ↑mucin-degrading, pro-inflammatory components BA/CA ratio was significantly ↓in MS (ratio: 0.9) compared to HC (ratio: 5; p < 0.0001). BA = Butyric acid CA = Caproic acid | [48] | |
| ALS | Mazzini et al. (2018) | ALS patients (n = 50) | Healthy controls (n = 50) | PCR | ↑E. coli and enterobacteria ↓total yeast in patients | [49] |
| Gioia et al. (2020) | ALS (n = 50) | 50 HC (n = 50) | PCR 16S next-generation sequencing | An unbalance between potentially protective microbial groups, such as Bacteroidetes, and other with potential neurotoxic or pro-inflammatory activity, such as Cyanobacteria, has been shown | [50] |
3. بیماری پارکینسون
4. مولتیپل اسکلروزیس (MS)
5. اسکلروز جانبی آمیوتروفیک (ALS)
اطلاعات
منابع
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