سوالات دکتری علوم اعصاب ۱۴۰۵-۱۴۰۴؛ مباحث زبان انگلیسی همراه پاسخ تشریحی

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زبان تخصصی و عمومی

Part one: Reading comprehension

زبان تخصصی

Read the following passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Base your answers on the information in the passage only.
Passage1:
A standard electrophysiology setup typically consists of a low-noise amplifier incorporating capacitor- feedback technology for single-channel signal fidelity, a headstage housed within a Faraday cage to shield against electromagnetic interference, analog-to-digital converters for data acquisition, and low-pass filters to remove high-frequency noise components. Continuous signal monitoring is performed using an oscilloscope to verify current-voltage relationships and recording stability/Noise reduction strategies include optimizing the electrode-tissue interface, eliminating environmental noise sources, ensuring proper grounding and shielding, and employing signal digitization and processing techniques/Electrode impedance should be maintained low (usually below 2-5 k) to preserve signal quality, in surface electrode applications, impedance reduction is facilitated by skin cleaning and conductive gels Additional noise mitigation includes using incandescent lighting, minimizing power cord length, and positioning amplifiers in proximity to the recording subject.
101- Which of the following components in an electrophysiology set-up helps reduce electrical noise for single-channel recordings?
a) Analog-to-digital converter << b) Capacitor-feedback amplifier c) High electrode impedance d) Oscilloscope
102- What is the purpose of maintaining low electrode impedance (typically below 2-5 k2) in electrophysiological recordings?
a) To increase electrical resistance and reduce signal amplitude
b) To improve signal quality and reduce noise
c) To ensure greater electrode durability
d) To prevent electrode corrosion
103- Which noise reduction strategy is NOT typically used in electrophysiology setups?
P
a) Cleaning skin before surface electrode application
b) Using incandescent lights instead of fluorescent lights c). Placing amplifiers far from the subject to avoid heat
d) Proper grounding and shielding

Passage 2:

The balance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling within neural circuits is critical for generating oscillatory rhythms. Inhibitory interneurons, notably those expressing parvalbumin, play an essential role Synchronizing excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to produce gamma oscillations. This dynamic interplay induces periodic membrane potential fluctuations that underpin rhythmic modulation of neuronal gain and sophisticated coding strategies such as communication-through-coherence and phase coding Alterations in excitatory-inhibitory balance have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, which exhibit abnormal gamma synchrony and disrupted network connectivity.
104- Parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons are critically involved in generating which oscillatory rhythm?
a) Delta oscillations
b) Theta oscillations
c) Beta oscillations
d) Gamma oscillations
105 Which concept describes the influence of coordinated postsynaptic activity across neurons in
neural coding?
a) Spatial summation
b) Neuronal synchronization
c) Temporal dispersion
d) Axonal conduction velocity
106- Abnormalities in excitatory-inhibitory balance and gamma synchrony are particularly implicated in which disorders?
a) Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
b) Multiple sclerosis and epilepsy
c) Schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders d) Bipolar disorder and depression
107- Which best describes neuronal plasticity?
a) Neurons fire in a fixed genetic pattern
b) Short-term synaptic changes only
c) Long-term changes in synaptic structure and function due to experience and learning d) Only growth of new axons
108- Which of the following accurately describes the direction of an impulse moving through a neuron that carries information to the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
a) An afferent neuron, impulse moving proximally
b) An afferent neuron, impulse moving distally c) An efferent neuron, impulse moving distally
d) An efferent neuron, impulse moving proximally

Part two: Vocabulary
Complete the following sentences, choosing the most appropriate answer. 109- Neurofibrillary tangles in AD are composed of:
a) Misfolded alpha-synuclein
b) Amyloid precursor protein fragments
c) Hyperphosphorylated tau protein
d) Huntingtin protein aggregates
110- Which term describes the cell membrane potential of a neuron at rest?
a) Repolarized
b) Hyperpolarized
c) Depolarized
d) Polarized
دکتری تخصصی (10)
111- A veteran is admitted to the hospital after sustaining a traumatic brain injury. A magnetic resonance image (MRI) shows significant damage to the veteran’s cerebellum. The damage would result in difficulty with which of the following functions?
a) Coordination of movement
b) Regulation of emotion
c) Regulation of temperature d) Sensation of pain
112- In neuroscience, the term *afferent refers to fibers that:
a) Carry impulses away from the CNS
b) Connect muscles directly
c) Carry information toward the CNS
d) Inhibit sensory processing
113- “The more neurons fire together, the stronger their synaptic connection becomes.” This sentence illustrates:
a) Cause and effect
b) Comparative correlation structure
c) Conditional clause
d) Purpose clause
114. “Brain regions that are interconnected form large-scale neural networks”.
The phrase “that are interconnected* is:
a) an adjective clause
b) an adverbial clause
c) a noun phrase
d) a participial phrase
115 “If the hippocampus is damaged, memory consolidation is severely impaired.” The word “If
introduces:
a) contrast
b) result
c) purpose v d) condition
۱۵

Part one: Reading comprehension
زبان عمومی
Read the following passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Base your answers on the information in the passage only.
Passage 1:
الم
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing bealthcare by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, personalizing treatment plans, and streamlining administrative tasks, In diagnostics Al algorithms analyze medical images such as X-rays and MRIs with remarkable precision, often surpassing human radiologists in detecting anomalies like tumors or fractures. For instance, machine learning models trained on vast datasets can identify early signs of diseases such as cancer or Alzheimer’s, enabling timely interventions that improve patient outcomes. Moreover, Al-powered predictive analytics forecast disease outbreaks and patient deteriorations, allowing healthcare providers to allocate resources more efficiently. In treatment personalization, Al systems process genetic information and medical histories to recommend tailored therapies, reducing the trial-and-error approach in prescribing medications. This not only minimizes adverse effects but also optimizes recovery times. Administrative applications of AI include automating scheduling billing, and electronic health record management, which reduces paperwork and frees up medical staff to focus on patient care. However, the integration of Al in healthcare raises ethical concerns, including data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the potential displacement of jobs. Ensuring that AI systems are trained on diverse datasets is crucial to avoid biases that could disproportionately affect minority groups. Additionally, robust cyber-security measures are essential to protect sensitive patient information from breaches. Despite these challenges, the benefits of Al in healthcare are substantial, promising a future where medical care is more accessible, efficient, and effective. Governments and organizations are investing heavily in Al research to harness its potential while addressing the associated risks. As AI continues to evolve, its role in healthcare will likely expand, incorporating advanced technologies like natural language processing for better doctor- patient communication and robotics for surgical precision. Ultimately, AI has the potential to democratize healthcare, making high-quality medical services available to underserved populations around the world. 116 It is stated that artificial intelligence……………… in diagnostics.
a) outperforms human experts in finding masses and broken bones
b) helps reduce the workload of administrative staff
c) assists in tailoring treatment plans to individual patients
d), forecasts abnormal bone fractures and cancerous tumors
117- As regards the predictive models, Al can help practitioners………………. a) enhance patient deterioration and disease epidemics
b) train hospital databases and warn about diseases
c) take well-timed actions to treat patients
d) enable datasets to identify initial signs of diseases
118- In personalized treatment, artificial intelligence.
a) helps doctors pile up patient records
b) minimizes the accuracy of hospital billing systems c) reduces guesswork in ordering proper medication d) prevents routine access to patient records
119. The ethical concern to avoid affecting minority groups requires…… a) taking security measures to safeguard patient communication
b) using varied datasets to help prevent bias algorithms
c) protecting such groups against job displacement
d) undermining healthcare issues proportionately
120- Al helps the democratization of healthcare by……………….
a) improving doctor-patient communication through speech recognition tools b) eliminating the need for government supervision on Al development c) reducing the cost of robotic equipment used in potential surgeries d) making advanced medical services more accessible to deprived communities

Passage 2:
Health inequality refers to the systematic differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare services among different population groups, often influenced by socioeconomic status, race, geography, and education. In many countries, individuals from lower-income backgrounds experience higher rates of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and obesity due to limited access to nutritious food, safe environments for physical activity, and preventive medical care. For example, urban-rural divides exacerbate these disparities, with rural populations facing shortages of healthcare providers and longer travel times to facilities, leading to delayed diagnoses and poorer prognoses. Racial and ethnic minorities frequently encounter barriers like discrimination within healthcare systems, cultural insensitivity, and language obstacles, which contribute to lower vaccination rates and higher maternal mortality. Education plays a pivotal role; those with higher education levels are more likely to understand health information, adhere to treatment regimens, and seek timely care, whereas less educated individuals may misunderstand symptoms or avoid seeking help due to stigma. Economic factors compound these issues, as low-wage workers often lack health insurance or cannot afford out-of-pocket expenses, resulting in untreated conditions that worsen over time. Governments and organizations are attempting to address health inequality through policies like expanding public health insurance, investing in community health centers, and promoting health education campaigns targeted at vulnerable groups. However, challenges persist, including political resistance to funding increases and the slow pace of systemic change. Technological advancements, such as telemedicine, offer promise in bridging geographical gaps, but digital divides-where low-income or elderly populations lack internet access-can inadvertently widen inequalities. Ultimately, reducing health inequality requires a multifaceted approach involving policy reform, community engagement, and equitable resource distribution to ensure that all individuals, regardless of background, can achieve optimal health outcomes and live longer, healthier lives. 121- This reading passage mainly discusses
a) the roles of technology in healthcare
b) impacts of urban living on healthcare
c) advantages of higher education levels in health d) causes of and solutions to health disparities/
122- It is stated in the passage that health inequality is influenced by
a) disease stigma
b) socioeconomic condition
c) elderly access to telemedicine
d) political resistance
123- Governments reduce health inequality by….
a) educating individuals with equitable resources
b) increasing out of pocket expenses
c) adhering to treatment regimens
rd) expanding community health facilities
124- Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an obstacle to racial minorities?
a) Cultural insensitivity
b) Communication issues ✓
c) Understanding health information.
d) Inequality of health care services
125- It is inferred that technological advancements are hindered by
a) digital divides
b) equitable resource
c) internet access
d) policy reform

دکتری
Part two: Vocabulary
Complete the following sentences, choosing the most appropriate answer (1, 2, 3, or 4).
126- The medication……………… the virus from reproducing in the body.
a) generates
b) inhibits c) scatters
d) radiates
127- His appendix ……………… leading to emergency surgery.
a) ruptured
b) nurtured
c) alleviated
d) ameliorated
128- Doctors often……………… treatment plans to each patient’s unique health profile.
a) predispose
b) generalize
c) customize
d) expose
129- Evidence-based research ………………. modern medical practices which, in turn, strengthens
the efficacy of treatment plans.
a) depreciates
b) undermines c) debilitates
d) underpins
130 Elderly patients are
attention.
a) content with
b) amazed with
c) adjacent to d) prone to
…….. falls due to physical weakness, so they need extra care and
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